Словообразование (подготовка к ЕГЭ)
| Строка 95: | Строка 95: | ||
<br>доисторический</center> | <br>доисторический</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | <center>Post – <br> (со значением после; соответствует в русском языке приставке после-, пост-)</center> | + | | <center>Post – <br> (со значением после; соответствует в русском языке приставке после-, пост-) </center> |
| <center>postglacial<br>postwar<br>Post-impressionism</center> | | <center>postglacial<br>postwar<br>Post-impressionism</center> | ||
| <center>послеледниковый период<br>послевоенный<br>постимпрессионизм</center> | | <center>послеледниковый период<br>послевоенный<br>постимпрессионизм</center> | ||
| Строка 131: | Строка 131: | ||
| <center>перепроизводство<br>слишком высокая оценка<br>слишком высокая цена</center> | | <center>перепроизводство<br>слишком высокая оценка<br>слишком высокая цена</center> | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''''SUFFIXES''''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''(1) NOUN-building suffixes:''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | {|border="1" width="80%" | ||
| + | | <center>-ty <br>(образует существительные от прилагательных) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>social (общественный) <br>stupid (глупый) <br>certain (определенный) <br>able (способный) <br>equal (равный) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>society (общество) <br>stupidity (глупость) <br>certainty (определенность) <br>ability (способность) <br>equality (равенство) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ion (-ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion) <br> (образует существительные от глаголов) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>suggest (предлагать) <br>combine (комбинировать) <br>elect (избирать) <br>include (включать) <br>transmit (передавать) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>suggestion (предложение) <br>combination (комбинация) <br>election (выборы) <br>inclusion (включение) <br>transmission (передача) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-er,-or <br> (присоединяется к глаголам для обозначения действующего лица) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>produce (производить) <br> lead (вести) <br>build (строить) <br>govern (управлять) <br>direct (направлять) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>producer (производитель) <br>leader (ведущий, лидер) <br>builder (строитель) <br>governor (губернатор) <br>director (директор) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ee <br> (служит для обозначения лица, на которое направлено действие) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>train (тренировать(ся), обучать(ся)) <br>address (адресовать) <br>employ (нанимать) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>trainee (практикант, стажер) <br>addressee (адресат) <br>employee (служащий) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ness <br> (образует существительное от прилагательных) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>bitter (горький) <br>sick (больной) <br>aware (осведомленный) <br>near (близкий) <br>weak (слабый) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>bitterness (горечь) <br>sickness (болезнь) <br>awareness (осведомленность) <br>nearness (близость) <br>weakness (слабость) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ian, -an, -n <br> (для обозначения профессии, национальной принадлежности) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>history (история) <br>library (библиотека) <br>Canada (Канада) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>historian (историк) <br>librarian (библиотекарь) <br>Canadian (канадец) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ist <br> (как и в русском языке для обозначения принадлежности к политическому или научному направлению и др.) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>social (социальный) <br>science (наука) <br>method (метод) <br>tour (тур) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>socialist (социалист) <br>scientist (ученый) <br>methodist (методист) <br>tourist (турист) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ment <br> (образует существительные от глаголов) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>announce (объявлять) <br>advertise (рекламировать) <br>place (размещать) <br>arrange (организовывать) <br>require (требовать) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>announcement (объявление) <br>advertisement (реклама) <br>placement (размещение) <br>arrangement (мероприятие) <br>requirement (требование) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ance or ence<br> (образует существительные от глаголов) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>occur (случаться) <br>exist (существовать) <br>persist (настаивать) <br>assure (уверять) <br>appear (появляться) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>occurrence (случай) <br>existence (существование) <br>persistence (настойчивость) <br>assurance (заверение) <br>appearance (появление) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-age <br> (обычно образует существительные от глаголов) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>marry (жениться) <br>pass (проходить) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>marriage (брак) <br>passage (проход) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ure <br> (образует существительные от глаголов) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>depart (уезжать) <br>please (доставлять удовольствие) <br>press (давить) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>departure (отъезд) <br>pleasure (удовольствие) <br>pressure (давление) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-dom <br> (образует существительные от прилагательных и существительных) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>free (свободный) <br>wise (мудрый) <br>king (король) <br>bore (скучный человек) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>freedom (свобода) <br>wisdom (мудрость) <br>kingdom (королевство) <br>boredom (скука) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-hood м(обычно образует существительные от других существительных) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>brother (брат) <br>man (мужчина) <br>mother (мать) <br>neighbor (сосед) <br>adult (взрослый) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>brotherhood (братство) <br>manhood (мужественность) <br>motherhood (материнство) <br>neighborhood (соседство) <br>adulthood (зрелость) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ship <br> (образует существительные от других существительных) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>citizen (гражданин) <br>dictator (диктатор) <br>owner (владелец) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>citizenship (гражданство) <br>dictatorship (диктатура) <br>ownership (собственность, право собственности) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ism <br> (образует абстрактные имена существительные, ср. –изм в русском языке) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>profession (профессия) <br>individuality (индивидуальность) <br> journalist (журналист) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>professionalism (профессионализм) <br> individualism (индивидуализм) <br> journalism (журнализм) </center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-th <br>образует сущ. от прилагательных) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>warm (теплый) <br>long (длинный) <br>wide (широкий) <br>young (молодой) </center> | ||
| + | | <center>warmth (теплота) <br>length (длина) <br>width (ширина) <br>youth (молодость) </center> | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''PRACTICE''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''''Exercise 2. NOUN-building suffixes.''''' | ||
| + | '''Complete each sentence with the words which end in –ance, -ence, -ment, -tion, -ness.''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | 1. Dan continued to write the essay after midnight. This ___ of writing was necessary for him. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. Schools usually place new students in different English classes depending on their English abilities. The students’ ___ depends on the scores they get on an English test. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 3. President Abraham Lincoln declared Thanksgiving a national holyday. He made this happy ___ in 1864. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 4. Television stations announce news. They interrupt programs to make important ___ as soon as they receive the news. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 5. Winnie and Loretta are good friends. They are very close and tell each other everything. Their ___ will continue for many years. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 6. Scientists are working to develop a cure for all kinds of cancer. The ___ of a cure will be welcome all around the world. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 7. There were several ___ of Janet’s illness before she began to get well. Then her illness occurred again, and she was very unhappy. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 8. Jason is my best friend. He always encourages me when I have a difficult problem. In fact, his ___ has helped me to succeed many times. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 9. For centuries no one could prove the ___ of the ninth planet. Then in 1930 Clyde Tombaugh proved that Plato existed when he located it through a telescope. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 10. Edward assured me enough that the plane travel was safe. In spite of all his ___ , I was very frightened on my first plane trip. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 11. Alice went to doctor because she had ___ in her leg. The doctor told her that she felt weak because she didn’t exercise enough. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 12. My dad wanted me to be aware of the heavy traffic on the highway. My ___ of driving conditions saved me a lot of times. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | '''''Exercise 3. NOUN-building suffixes.''''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Complete each word so that it ends in -hood, -ship, -dom, -ness, -ty.''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | 1. A true friend ___ lasts throughout life. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. After ten years in prison Paul was given his free | ||
| + | . | ||
| + | 3. Repetition of ads on TV has an incredible effect on the popular ___ of the product. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 4. I spend most of my child ___ playing computer games. | ||
| + | |||
| + | 5. It is very unlikely that someone could penetrate the U.S. military secure ___ system. | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''''(2) ADJECTIVE-building suffixes:''''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Many adjectives do not have particular endings (young, old, pretty, etc.). However, there are some common endings for adjectives formed from nouns and verbs.''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | {|border="1" width="80%" | ||
| + | | <center>-able, -ible</center> | ||
| + | | <center>changeable <br>acceptable <br>horrible <br>responsible</center> | ||
| + | | <center>-ar</center> | ||
| + | | <center>popular <br>regular <br>similar</center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ent, -ant </center> | ||
| + | | <center>consistent <br>confident <br>distant <br>resistant</center> | ||
| + | | <center>-ate</center> | ||
| + | | <center>passionate literate (illiterate) <br>obstinate</center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-like</center> | ||
| + | | <center>businesslike <br>ladylike</center> | ||
| + | | <center>-ist</center> | ||
| + | | <center>racist<br> journalist</center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-al</center> | ||
| + | | <center>central <br>cultural <br>natural</center> | ||
| + | | <center>-ary</center> | ||
| + | | <center>imaginary <br>legendary <br>revolutionary</center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-esque</center> | ||
| + | | <center>picturesque <br>grotesqueм | ||
| + | | <center>-ive</center> | ||
| + | | <center>attentive <br>sensitive <br>competitive</center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ious, -ous</center> | ||
| + | | <center>victorious <br>dangerous<br>glorious <br>spacious</center> | ||
| + | | <center>-some</center> | ||
| + | | <center>troublesome <br>lonesome <br>tiresome</center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ly</center> | ||
| + | | <center>friendly<br> timely<br> dailyм weakly</center> | ||
| + | | <center>-ic/-ical</center> | ||
| + | | <center>heroic <br>tragic <br>historical <br>economical</center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-y</center> | ||
| + | | <center>lucky <br>dirty<br> cloudy <br>healthy</center> | ||
| + | | <center>-ish</center> | ||
| + | | <center>boyish <br>reddish <br>Swedish<br> foolish</center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-ful</center> | ||
| + | | <center>successful <br>useful<br> purposeful <br>doubtful</center> | ||
| + | | <center>-ory</center> | ||
| + | | <center>contradictory <br>compulsory <br>introductory</center> | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | <center>-less</center> | ||
| + | | <center>jobless<br> hopeless <br>careless<br> useless</center> | ||
| + | | <center>-an, -ian</center> | ||
| + | | <center>Mexican <br>Russian <br>Indian<br> Scandinavian</center> | ||
| + | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | '''''Exercise 4. ADJACTIVE-building suffixes.''''' | ||
| + | '''Fill in an appropriate adjective derived from the given word.''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | 1. He had a very ___ career. success | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. He is quite ___ when making up his mind. decide | ||
| + | |||
| + | 3. The solution was positively ___ . ingenuity | ||
| + | |||
| + | 4. The ___ burden of running a place like this is really great. finance | ||
| + | |||
| + | 5. Windsor Castle is a ___ residence, situated not far from London. luxury | ||
| + | |||
| + | 6. The Castle is located in a very ___ place. picture | ||
| + | |||
| + | 7. ___ chatting with a friend is not the best way to prepare for the examination. Mind | ||
| + | |||
| + | 8. It is ___ inviting Barry to the party as he is so busy. worth | ||
| + | |||
| + | 9. Can’t you see she is ___ after being up all night. edge | ||
| + | |||
| + | 10. His words were ___ but his look became grave. play | ||
| + | |||
| + | 11. Ghana is a ___ country of thick ___ forests and great beaches. color, tropics | ||
| + | |||
| + | 12. The person I’m thinking of is ___ , ___ and accurate. observe, inquire | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | '''''PROGRESS TEST (Word Formation)''''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | '''Choose the correct item.''' | ||
| + | |||
| + | 1. The Roosevelts spent a year in Europe traveling about, seeing ___ sights, visiting museums. (history) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 2. If Teddy wanted a ___ career, he would have to go abroad for three years of study. (science) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 3. He learned that ___ is a matter of give and take. (policy) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 4. The Labor Party had nominated a popular and ___ leader. (power) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 5. While running for presidency he made three to five ___ every day. (speak) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 6. People loved their new president for his ___ . (young) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 7. He started on his biggest and most ___ project. (success) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 8. He described ___ deeds of American people. (hero) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 9. They were ideal parents because they had ___ patience, love for children and the home life. (end) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 10. In the 19th century there was ___ in London, homelessness and all attendant problems associated with big cities. (poor) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 11. He had come to England shortly after the ___ of his mother. (dead) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 12. This new CD tower system is attractive and ___ . (style) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 13. Each evening Julia would surf through the World Wide Web in at all the information available. (amaze) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 14. When a boy found a lizard he measured the total ___ of its tail with his ruler. (long) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 15. We found the script ___ , and we enjoyed the dialogue between the main characters very much. (fascinate) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 16. The water in many lakes and rivers is ___ . As a result, it needs to be cleaned before people can drink it. (pure) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 17. ___ in large multinational companies have excellent career opportunities if they are willing to travel. (employ) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 18. From this spot, we travel through ___ , rolling country to Gettysburg, a town of historic interest. (picture) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 19. His dream was to become the world’s greatest ___ . (biology) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 20. The lack of knowledge or reliance upon ___ is harmful. (information) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 21. The population ___ in this area is very low. (dense) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 22. Such kind of behavior only seems ___ . (logical) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 23. The theme of his report was ___ for war. (ready) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 24. On the yacht we’ve often seen passengers talking in whispers and exchanging packages. (mystery) | ||
Версия 09:23, 30 октября 2009
В последнее время перед учителями российских школ возникла необходимость эффективной подготовки к ЕГЭ. Все языковые экзамены направлены на контроль эффективности коммуникации в устной и письменной речи. Это предполагает наличие в них заданий на контроль навыков аудирования, чтения, говорения, письма и лексико-грамматических заданий. Особую сложность у выпускников наших школ вызывает раздел по словообразованию.В своей педагогической практике при подготовке к ЕГЭ я использовала следующие таблицы с прификсами и суффиксами для определенных частей речи, упражнения и тестовые задания. Я надеюсь, что учителям английского языка, работающим в выпускных классах эти материалы окажутся полезными при подготовке к ЕГЭ и к другим существующим международным и национальным экзаменам по иностранному языку.
WORD FORMATION
PREFIXES
(1) PREFIXES WITH NEGATIVE MEANING
These prefixes change the meaning of the word from positive to negative: