Словообразование (подготовка к ЕГЭ)

Саюкова Наталья Александровна
учитель английского языка
НОУ ООЦ "Школа" г. Тольятти

В последнее время перед учителями российских школ возникла необходимость эффективной подготовки к ЕГЭ. Все языковые экзамены направлены на контроль эффективности коммуникации в устной и письменной речи. Это предполагает наличие в них заданий на контроль навыков аудирования, чтения, говорения, письма и лексико-грамматических заданий. Особую сложность у выпускников наших школ вызывает раздел по словообразованию.В своей педагогической практике при подготовке к ЕГЭ я использовала следующие таблицы с прификсами и суффиксами для определенных частей речи, упражнения и тестовые задания. Я надеюсь, что учителям английского языка, работающим в выпускных классах эти материалы окажутся полезными при подготовке к ЕГЭ и к другим существующим международным и национальным экзаменам по иностранному языку.

WORD FORMATION
PREFIXES

(1) PREFIXES WITH NEGATIVE MEANING

These prefixes change the meaning of the word from positive to negative:

Un –	equal fair important official	unequal unfair unimportant unofficial
In -	ability adequate capable comparable	in ability in adequate in capable in comparable
Im – (before -m and -p)	mobile measurable patient possible	immobile immeasurable impatient impossible
Dis -	order advantage honest	disorder disadvantage dishonest
il – (before l)	legal logical BUT! limited likable	illegal illogical unlimited unlikable
Ir – (before r)	regular resolute	irregular irresolute
Mis -	fortune trust	misfortune mistrust
Non -	sense resistance	nonsense nonresistance

PRACTICE

Exercise 1. PREFIXES WITH NEGATIVE MEANING.

Complete each word with prefixes in-, un-,ir-,il-,dis.

1. I am afraid that the world is full of ___ justice.

2. ___ agreements about causes of this disease seem likely to continue for many years.

3. Discrimination in hiring is ___ legal.

4. Thank you for your help. It was ___ valuable.

5. The ___ armament Conference will be held in Geneva.

6. The amount of food aid the country received is quite ___ sufficient.

7. The garden is divided into ___ equal parts.

8. Your passport is ___ valid. The date expired two month ago.

9. Why are you so ___ sensitive to other people’s problems?

10. One ___ advantage of city living is high cost.

11. I can’t believe this is happening. This is so ___ fair.

12. The newspapers depicted her as a greedy,___ responsible betrayer of the truth.

13. The teacher expressed ___ satisfaction with the work of our committee.

14. Everything is possible. The ___ possible just takes longer.

15. Good answers don’t always come quickly. So don’t be too ___ patient.

16. I was so frustrated because my dad was ___ willing to see my problems through my eyes.

(2) OTHER PREFIXES

Mis – (со значением неправильно, неверно)	misinterpretation misunderstanding misusage misuse	неверное истолкование недоразумение плохое обращение неправильное использование
Under – (со значением недостаточно)	undernutrition underproduction undersupply undereducated	недостаточное питание недопроизводство недостаточное снабжение не имеющий достаточного образования
Pre – (со значением перед, ранее; соответствует в русском языке приставке пред-)	precaution predecessor prediction preface prehistoric	предосторожность предшественник предсказание предисловие доисторический
Post – (со значением после; соответствует в русском языке приставке после-, пост-)	postglacial postwar Post-impressionism	послеледниковый период послевоенный постимпрессионизм
Anti – (соответствует в русском языке приставке анти-)	anticyclone antioxidant antidepressant antipode	антициклон антиоксидант антидепрессант антипод
Counter – (соответствует в русском языке приставке проти-, контр-, противо- )	counterforce countermeasure counterpropaganda counterclockwise	сила противодействия контрмера контрпропаганда против часовой стрелки
Co – (обозначает сотрудничество)	co-education cooperation coexistence	совместное обучение сотрудничество сосуществование
Inter – (со значением между-, взаимо-)	interaction interdependence/cy international interdisciplinary	взаимодействие взаимозависимость международный междисциплинарный
Ex – (соответствует приставке экс -, бывший)	ex-husband ex-wife ex-champion ex-president	бывший (экс-) муж бывшая (экс-) жена бывший (экс-) чемпион бывший (экс-) президент
Ultra – (со значением ультра-, сверх-)	ultrasound ultramodern ultraviolet ultrasonic	ультразвук ультрасовременный ультрафиолетовый сверхзвуковой, ультразвуковой
Sub – (соответствует в русском языке приставке под-, суб-)	subcommittee subconsciousness subculture submarine	подкомитет подсознание субкультура подводная лодка
Over – (со значением сверх-, чрезмерно-)	overproduction overestimate overcharge	перепроизводство слишком высокая оценка слишком высокая цена

SUFFIXES

(1) NOUN-building suffixes:

-ty (образует существительные от прилагательных)	social (общественный) stupid (глупый) certain (определенный) able (способный) equal (равный)	society (общество) stupidity (глупость) certainty (определенность) ability (способность) equality (равенство)
-ion (-ation, -tion, -sion, -ssion) (образует существительные от глаголов)	suggest (предлагать) combine (комбинировать) elect (избирать) include (включать) transmit (передавать)	suggestion (предложение) combination (комбинация) election (выборы) inclusion (включение) transmission (передача)
-er,-or (присоединяется к глаголам для обозначения действующего лица)	produce (производить) lead (вести) build (строить) govern (управлять) direct (направлять)	producer (производитель) leader (ведущий, лидер) builder (строитель) governor (губернатор) director (директор)
-ee (служит для обозначения лица, на которое направлено действие)	train (тренировать(ся), обучать(ся)) address (адресовать) employ (нанимать)	trainee (практикант, стажер) addressee (адресат) employee (служащий)
-ness (образует существительное от прилагательных)	bitter (горький) sick (больной) aware (осведомленный) near (близкий) weak (слабый)	bitterness (горечь) sickness (болезнь) awareness (осведомленность) nearness (близость) weakness (слабость)
-ian, -an, -n (для обозначения профессии, национальной принадлежности)	history (история) library (библиотека) Canada (Канада)	historian (историк) librarian (библиотекарь) Canadian (канадец)
-ist (как и в русском языке для обозначения принадлежности к политическому или научному направлению и др.)	social (социальный) science (наука) method (метод) tour (тур)	socialist (социалист) scientist (ученый) methodist (методист) tourist (турист)
-ment (образует существительные от глаголов)	announce (объявлять) advertise (рекламировать) place (размещать) arrange (организовывать) require (требовать)	announcement (объявление) advertisement (реклама) placement (размещение) arrangement (мероприятие) requirement (требование)
-ance or ence (образует существительные от глаголов)	occur (случаться) exist (существовать) persist (настаивать) assure (уверять) appear (появляться)	occurrence (случай) existence (существование) persistence (настойчивость) assurance (заверение) appearance (появление)
-age (обычно образует существительные от глаголов)	marry (жениться) pass (проходить)	marriage (брак) passage (проход)
-ure (образует существительные от глаголов)	depart (уезжать) please (доставлять удовольствие) press (давить)	departure (отъезд) pleasure (удовольствие) pressure (давление)
-dom (образует существительные от прилагательных и существительных)	free (свободный) wise (мудрый) king (король) bore (скучный человек)	freedom (свобода) wisdom (мудрость) kingdom (королевство) boredom (скука)
-hood м(обычно образует существительные от других существительных)	brother (брат) man (мужчина) mother (мать) neighbor (сосед) adult (взрослый)	brotherhood (братство) manhood (мужественность) motherhood (материнство) neighborhood (соседство) adulthood (зрелость)
-ship (образует существительные от других существительных)	citizen (гражданин) dictator (диктатор) owner (владелец)	citizenship (гражданство) dictatorship (диктатура) ownership (собственность, право собственности)
-ism (образует абстрактные имена существительные, ср. –изм в русском языке)	profession (профессия) individuality (индивидуальность) journalist (журналист)	professionalism (профессионализм) individualism (индивидуализм) journalism (журнализм)
-th образует сущ. от прилагательных)	warm (теплый) long (длинный) wide (широкий) young (молодой)	warmth (теплота) length (длина) width (ширина) youth (молодость)

PRACTICE

Exercise 2. NOUN-building suffixes. Complete each sentence with the words which end in –ance, -ence, -ment, -tion, -ness.

1. Dan continued to write the essay after midnight. This ___ of writing was necessary for him.

2. Schools usually place new students in different English classes depending on their English abilities. The students’ ___ depends on the scores they get on an English test.

3. President Abraham Lincoln declared Thanksgiving a national holyday. He made this happy ___ in 1864.

4. Television stations announce news. They interrupt programs to make important ___ as soon as they receive the news.

5. Winnie and Loretta are good friends. They are very close and tell each other everything. Their ___ will continue for many years.

6. Scientists are working to develop a cure for all kinds of cancer. The ___ of a cure will be welcome all around the world.

7. There were several ___ of Janet’s illness before she began to get well. Then her illness occurred again, and she was very unhappy.

8. Jason is my best friend. He always encourages me when I have a difficult problem. In fact, his ___ has helped me to succeed many times.

9. For centuries no one could prove the ___ of the ninth planet. Then in 1930 Clyde Tombaugh proved that Plato existed when he located it through a telescope.

10. Edward assured me enough that the plane travel was safe. In spite of all his ___ , I was very frightened on my first plane trip.

11. Alice went to doctor because she had ___ in her leg. The doctor told her that she felt weak because she didn’t exercise enough.

12. My dad wanted me to be aware of the heavy traffic on the highway. My ___ of driving conditions saved me a lot of times.

Exercise 3. NOUN-building suffixes.

Complete each word so that it ends in -hood, -ship, -dom, -ness, -ty.

1. A true friend ___ lasts throughout life.

2. After ten years in prison Paul was given his free ___.

3. Repetition of ads on TV has an incredible effect on the popular ___ of the product.

4. I spend most of my child ___ playing computer games.

5. It is very unlikely that someone could penetrate the U.S. military secure ___ system.

(2) ADJECTIVE-building suffixes:

Many adjectives do not have particular endings (young, old, pretty, etc.). However, there are some common endings for adjectives formed from nouns and verbs.

-able, -ible	changeable acceptable horrible responsible	-ar	popular regular similar
-ent, -ant	consistent confident distant resistant	-ate	passionate literate (illiterate) obstinate
-like	businesslike ladylike	-ist	racist journalist
-al	central cultural natural	-ary	imaginary legendary revolutionary
-esque	picturesque grotesque	-ive	attentive sensitive competitive
-ious, -ous	victorious dangerous glorious spacious	-some	troublesome lonesome tiresome
-ly	friendly timely dailyм weakly	-ic/-ical	heroic tragic historical economical
-y	lucky dirty cloudy healthy	-ish	boyish reddish Swedish foolish
-ful	successful useful purposeful doubtful	-ory	contradictory compulsory introductory
-less	jobless hopeless careless useless	-an, -ian	Mexican Russian Indian Scandinavian

Exercise 4. ADJACTIVE-building suffixes. Fill in an appropriate adjective derived from the given word.

1. He had a very ___ career. success

2. He is quite ___ when making up his mind. decide

3. The solution was positively ___ . ingenuity

4. The ___ burden of running a place like this is really great. finance

5. Windsor Castle is a ___ residence, situated not far from London. luxury

6. The Castle is located in a very ___ place. picture

7. ___ chatting with a friend is not the best way to prepare for the examination. Mind

8. It is ___ inviting Barry to the party as he is so busy. worth

9. Can’t you see she is ___ after being up all night. edge

10. His words were ___ but his look became grave. play

11. Ghana is a ___ country of thick ___ forests and great beaches. color, tropics

12. The person I’m thinking of is ___ , ___ and accurate. observe, inquire

PROGRESS TEST (Word Formation)

Choose the correct item.

1. The Roosevelts spent a year in Europe traveling about, seeing ___ sights, visiting museums. (history)

2. If Teddy wanted a ___ career, he would have to go abroad for three years of study. (science)

3. He learned that ___ is a matter of give and take. (policy)

4. The Labor Party had nominated a popular and ___ leader. (power)

5. While running for presidency he made three to five ___ every day. (speak)

6. People loved their new president for his ___ . (young)

7. He started on his biggest and most ___ project. (success)

8. He described ___ deeds of American people. (hero)

9. They were ideal parents because they had ___ patience, love for children and the home life. (end)

10. In the 19th century there was ___ in London, homelessness and all attendant problems associated with big cities. (poor)

11. He had come to England shortly after the ___ of his mother. (dead)

12. This new CD tower system is attractive and ___ . (style)

13. Each evening Julia would surf through the World Wide Web in at all the information available. (amaze)

14. When a boy found a lizard he measured the total ___ of its tail with his ruler. (long)

15. We found the script ___ , and we enjoyed the dialogue between the main characters very much. (fascinate)

16. The water in many lakes and rivers is ___ . As a result, it needs to be cleaned before people can drink it. (pure)

17. ___ in large multinational companies have excellent career opportunities if they are willing to travel. (employ)

18. From this spot, we travel through ___ , rolling country to Gettysburg, a town of historic interest. (picture)

19. His dream was to become the world’s greatest ___ . (biology)

20. The lack of knowledge or reliance upon ___ is harmful. (information)

21. The population ___ in this area is very low. (dense)

22. Such kind of behavior only seems ___ . (logical)

23. The theme of his report was ___ for war. (ready)

24. On the yacht we’ve often seen passengers talking in whispers and exchanging packages. (mystery)